# NAME greple - extensible grep with lexical expression and region handling # VERSION Version 8.33 # SYNOPSIS **greple** \[**-M**_module_\] \[ **-options** \] pattern \[ file... \] PATTERN pattern 'and +must -not ?alternative &function' -e pattern pattern match across line boundary -r pattern pattern cannot be compromised -v pattern pattern not to be matched --le pattern lexical expression (same as bare pattern) --re pattern regular expression --fe pattern fixed expression --file file file contains search pattern MATCH -i ignore case --need=[+-]n required positive match count --allow=[+-]n acceptable negative match count --matchcount=n[,m] specify required match count for each block STYLE -l list filename only -c print count of matched block only -n print line number -H, -h do or do not display filenames -o print only the matching part -m n[,m] max count of blocks to be shown -A,-B,-C [n] after/before/both match context --join delete newline in the matched part --joinby=string replace newline in the matched text by string --nonewline do not add newline character at block end --filestyle=style how filename printed (once, separate, line) --linestyle=style how line number printed (separate, line) --separate set filestyle and linestyle both "separate" --format LABEL=... define line number and file name format FILE --glob=glob glob target files --chdir=dir change directory before search --readlist get filenames from stdin COLOR --color=when use terminal color (auto, always, never) --nocolor same as --color=never --colormap=color R, G, B, C, M, Y etc. --colorful use default multiple colors --colorindex=flags color index method: Ascend/Descend/Block/Random --ansicolor=s ANSI color 16, 256 or 24bit --[no]256 same as --ansicolor 256 or 16 --regioncolor use different color for inside/outside regions --uniqcolor use different color for unique string --random use random color each time --face set/unset visual effects BLOCK -p paragraph mode --all print whole data --border=pattern specify the border pattern --block=pattern specify the block of records --blockend=s specify the block end mark (Default: "--\n") REGION --inside=pattern select matches inside of pattern --outside=pattern select matches outside of pattern --include=pattern reduce matches to the area --exclude=pattern reduce matches to outside of the area --strict strict mode for --inside/outside --block CHARACTER CODE --icode=name specify file encoding --ocode=name specify output encoding FILTER --if,--of=filter input/output filter command --pf=filter post process filter command --noif disable default input filter RUNTIME FUNCTION --print=func print function --continue continue after print function --begin=func call function before search --end=func call function after search --prologue=func call function before command execution --epilogue=func call function after command execution OTHER --usage[=expand] show this message --norc skip reading startup file --man display command or module manual page --show display module file --require=file include perl program --conceal=type conceal run time errors --persist continue even after encoding error -d flags display info (f:file d:dir c:color m:misc s:stat) # DESCRIPTION ## MULTIPLE KEYWORDS **greple** has almost the same function as Unix command [egrep(1)](http://man.he.net/man1/egrep) but the search is done in a manner similar to Internet search engine. For example, next command print lines those contain all of \`foo' and bar' and \`baz'. greple 'foo bar baz' ... Each word can be found in any order and/or any place in the string. So this command find all of following texts. foo bar baz baz bar foo the foo, bar and baz If you want to use OR syntax, prepend question (\`?') mark on each token, or use regular expression. greple 'foo bar baz ?yabba ?dabba ?doo' greple 'foo bar baz yabba|dabba|doo' This command will print the line which contains all of \`foo', \`bar' and \`baz' and one or more of \`yabba', \`dabba' or \`doo'. NOT operator can be specified by prefixing the token by minus (\`-') sign. Next example will show the line which contain both \`foo' and bar' but none of \`yabba' or \`dabba' or \`doo'. greple 'foo bar -yabba -dabba -doo' This can be written as this using **-e** and **-v** option. greple -e foo -e bar -v yabba -v dabba -v doo greple -e foo -e bar -v 'yabba|dabba|doo' If \`+' is placed to positive matching pattern, that pattern is marked as required, and required match count is automatically set to the number of required patterns. So greple '+foo bar baz' commands implicitly set the option `--need 1`, and consequently print all lines including \`foo'. In other words, it makes other patterns optional. If you want to search lines which includes either or both of \`bar' and \`baz', use like this: greple '+foo bar baz' --need 2 greple '+foo bar baz' --need +1 ## FLEXIBLE BLOCKS Default data block **greple** search and print is a line. Using **--paragraph** (or **-p** in short) option, series of text separated by empty line is taken as a record block. So next command will print whole paragraph which contains the word \`foo', \`bar' and \`baz'. greple -p 'foo bar baz' Option **--all** takes whole file as a single block. So next command find files which contains these strings, and print the all contents. greple --all 'foo bar baz' Block also can be defined as pattern. Next command search and print mail header, ignoring mail body text. greple --block '\A(.+\n)+' You can also define arbitrary complex blocks by writing script. greple --block '&your_original_function' ... ## MATCH AREA CONTROL Using option **--inside** and **--outside**, you can specify text area the match should be occurred. Next commands search only in mail header and body area respectively. In these case, data block is not changed, then print lines which contains the pattern in the specified area. greple --inside '\A(.+\n)+' pattern greple --outside '\A(.+\n)+' pattern Option **--inside**/**--outside** can be used repeatedly to enhance the area to be matched. There are similar option **--include**/**--exclude**, but they are used to trim down the area. Those four options also takes user defined function and any complex region can be used. ## LINE ACROSS MATCH **greple** search the pattern across the line boundaries. This is especially useful to handle Asian multi-byte text, more specifically Japanese. Japanese text can be separated by newline almost any place in the text. So the search pattern may spread out on multiple lines. As for ascii word list, space character in the pattern matches any kind of space including newline. Next example will search the word sequence of \`foo', \`bar' and 'baz', even they spread out to multiple lines. greple -e 'foo bar baz' Option **-e** is necessary because space is taken as a token separator in the bare or **--le** pattern. ## MODULE AND CUSTOMIZATION User can define default and original options in `~/.greplerc`. Next example enables color output always, and define new option using macro processing. option default --color=always define :re1 complex-regex-1 define :re2 complex-regex-2 define :re3 complex-regex-3 option --newopt --inside :re1 --exclude :re2 --re :re3 Specific set of function and option interface can be implemented as module. Modules are invoked by **-M** option immediately after command name. For example, **greple** does not have recursive search option, but it can be implemented by **--readlist** option which accept target file list from standard input. Using **find** module, it can be written like this: greple -Mfind . -type f -- pattern Also **dig** module implements more complex search. It can be used simple as this: greple -Mdig pattern --dig . but this command finally translated into following option list. greple -Mfind . ( -name .git -o -name .svn -o -name RCS ) -prune -o -type f ! -name .* ! -name *,v ! -name *~ ! -iname *.jpg ! -iname *.jpeg ! -iname *.gif ! -iname *.png ! -iname *.tar ! -iname *.tbz ! -iname *.tgz ! -iname *.pdf -print -- pattern # OPTIONS ## PATTERNS If no specific option is given, **greple** takes the first argument as a search pattern specified by **--le** option. All of these patterns can be specified multiple times. Command itself is written in Perl, and any kind of Perl style regular expression can be used in patterns. See [perlre(1)](http://man.he.net/man1/perlre) for detail. Note that multiple line modifier (`m`) is set when executed, so put `(?-m)` at the beginning of regex if you want to explicitly disable it. Order of capture group in the pattern is not guaranteed. Please avoid to use direct index, and use relative or named capture group instead. For example, repeated character can be written as `(\w)\g{-1}` or `(?<c>\w)\g{c}`. - **--le**=_pattern_ Treat the string as a collection of tokens separated by spaces. Each token is interpreted by the first character. Token start with \`-' means negative pattern, \`?' means alternative, and \`+' does required. Next example print lines which contains \`foo' and \`bar', and one or more of \`yabba' and 'dabba', and none of \`baz' and \`doo'. greple --le='foo bar -baz ?yabba ?dabba -doo' Multiple \`?' preceded tokens are treated all mixed together. That means \`?A|B ?C|D' is equivalent to \`?A|B|C|D'. If you want to mean \`(A or B) and (C or D)', use AND syntax instead: \`A|B C|D'. If the pattern start with ampersand (\`&'), it is treated as a function, and the function is called instead of searching pattern. Function call interface is same as the one for block/region options. If you have a definition of _odd\_line_ function in you `.greplerc`, which is described in this manual later, you can print odd number lines like this: greple -n '&odd_line' file This is the summary of start character for **--le** option: + Required pattern - Negative match pattern ? Alternative pattern & Function call - **-e** _pattern_, **--and**=_pattern_ Specify positive match token. Next two commands are equivalent. greple 'foo bar baz' greple -e foo -e bar -e baz First character is not interpreted, so next commands will search the pattern \`-baz'. greple -e -baz Space characters are treated specially by **-e** and **-v** options. They are replaced by the pattern which matches any number of white spaces including newline. So the pattern can be expand to multiple lines. Next commands search the series of word \`foo', \`bar' and \`baz' even if they are separated by newlines. greple -e 'foo bar baz' - **-r** _pattern_, **--must**=_pattern_ Specify required match token. Next two commands are equivalent. greple '+foo bar baz' greple -r foo -e bar -e baz - **-v** _pattern_, **--not**=_pattern_ Specify negative match token. Because it does not affect to the bare pattern argument, you can narrow down the search result like this. greple foo file greple foo file -v bar greple foo file -v bar -v baz - **--re**=_pattern_ Specify regular expression. No special treatment for space and wide characters. - **--fe**=_pattern_ Specify fixed string pattern, like fgrep. - **-i**, **--ignore-case** Ignore case. - **--need**=_n_ - **--allow**=_n_ Option to compromise matching condition. Option **--need** specifies the required match count, and **--allow** the number of negative condition to be overlooked. greple --need=2 --allow=1 'foo bar baz -yabba -dabba -doo' Above command prints the line which contains two or more from \`foo', \`bar' and \`baz', and does not include more than one of \`yabba', \`dabba' or \`doo'. Using option **--need**=_1_, **greple** produces same result as **grep** command. grep -e foo -e bar -e baz greple -e foo -e bar -e baz --need=1 When the count _n_ is negative value, it is subtracted from default value. - **--matchcount**=_min_\[,_max_\], **--mc**=_min_\[,_max_\] When option **--matchcount** is specified, only blocks which have given match count will be shown. Count _min_ and _max_ can be omitted, and single number is taken as _min_. Next commands print lines including semicolons; 3 or more, exactly 3, and 3 or less, respectively. greple --matchcount=3 ';' file greple --matchcount=3,3 ';' file greple --matchcount=,3 ';' file - **-f** _file_, **--file**=_file_ Specify the file which contains search pattern. When file contains multiple lines, patterns on each lines are mixed together by OR context. Blank line and the line starting with sharp (#) character is ignored. Two slashes (//) and following string are taken as a comment and removed with preceding spaces. When multiple files specified, each file produces individual pattern. See **-Msubst** module. ## STYLES - **-l** List filename only. - **-c**, **--count** Print count of matched block. - **-n**, **--line-number** Show line number. - **-h**, **--no-filename** Do not display filename. - **-H** Display filename always. - **-o**, **--only-matching** Print matched string only. - **-m** _n_\[,_m_\], **--max-count**=_n_\[,_m_\] Set the maximum count of blocks to be shown to _n_. Actually _n_ and _m_ are simply passed to perl [splice](https://metacpan.org/pod/splice) function as _offset_ and _length_. Works like this: greple -m 10 # get first 10 blocks greple -m 0,-10 # get last 10 blocks greple -m 0,10 # remove first 10 blocks greple -m -10 # remove last 10 blocks greple -m 10,10 # remove 10 blocks from 10th (10-19) This option does not affect to search performance and command exit status. Note that **grep** command also has same option, but it's behavior is different when invoked to multiple files. **greple** produces given number of output for each files, while **grep** takes it as a total number of output. - **-A**\[_n_\], **--after-context**\[=_n_\] - **-B**\[_n_\], **--before-context**\[=_n_\] - **-C**\[_n_\], **--context**\[=_n_\] Print _n_-blocks before/after matched string. The value _n_ can be omitted and the default is 2. When used with **--paragraph** or **--block** option, _n_ means number of paragraph or block. Actually, these options expand the area of logical operation. It means greple -C1 'foo bar baz' matches following text. foo bar baz Moreover greple -C1 'foo baz' also matches this text, because matching blocks around \`foo' and \`bar' overlaps each other and makes single block. - **--join** - **--joinby**=_string_ Convert newline character found in matched string to empty or specified _string_. Using **--join** with **-o** (only-matching) option, you can collect searching sentence list in one per line form. This is sometimes useful for Japanese text processing. For example, next command prints the list of KATAKANA words, including those spread across multiple lines. greple -ho --join '\p{InKatakana}+(\n\p{InKatakana}+)*' Space separated word sequence can be processed with **--joinby** option. Next example prints all \`for \*something\*' pattern in pod documents within Perl script. greple -Mperl --pod -ioe '\bfor \w+' --joinby ' ' - **--\[no\]newline** Since **greple** can handle arbitrary blocks other than normal text lines, they sometimes do not end by newline character. In that case, extra newline is appended at the end of block to be shown. Option **--nonewline** disables this behavior. - **--filestyle**=_line_|_once_|_separate_, **--fs** Default style is _line_, and **greple** prints filename at the beginning of each line. Style _once_ prints the filename only once at the first time. Style _separate_ prints filename in the separate line before each line or block. - **--linestyle**=_line_|_separate_, **--ls** Default style is _line_, and **greple** prints line numbers at the beginning of each line. Style _separate_ prints line number in the separate line before each line or block. - **--separate** Shortcut for **--filestyle**=_separate_ **--linestyle**=_separate_. This is convenient to use block mode search and visiting each location from supporting tool, such as Emacs. - **--format** **LABEL**=_format_ Define the format string of line number (LINE) and file name (FILE) to be displayed. Default is: --format LINE='%d:' --format FILE='%s:' ## FILES - **--glob**=_pattern_ Get files matches to specified pattern and use them as a target files. Using **--chdir** and **--glob** makes easy to use **greple** for fixed common job. - **--chdir**=_directory_ Change directory before processing files. When multiple directories are specified in **--chdir** option, by using wildcard form or repeating option, **--glob** file expansion will be done for every directories. greple --chdir '/usr/man/man?' --glob '*.[0-9]' ... - **--readlist** Get filenames from standard input. Read standard input and use each line as a filename for searching. You can feed the output from other command like [find(1)](http://man.he.net/man1/find) for **greple** with this option. Next example searches string from files modified within 7 days: find . -mtime -7 -print | greple --readlist pattern Using **find** module, this can be done like: greple -Mfind . -mtime -7 -- pattern ## COLORS - **--color**=_auto_|_always_|_never_, **--nocolor** Use terminal color capability to emphasize the matched text. Default is \`auto': effective when STDOUT is a terminal and option **-o** is not given, not otherwise. Option value \`always' and \`never' will work as expected. Option **--nocolor** is alias for **--color**=_never_. - **--colormap**=_spec_ Specify color map. Becuase this option is mostly implemented by [Getopt::EX::Colormap](https://metacpan.org/pod/Getopt::EX::Colormap) module, consult its document for detail and up-to-date specification. Color specification is combination of single uppercase character representing basic colors, and (usually brighter) alternative colors in lowercase : R r Red G g Green B b Blue C c Cyan M m Magenta Y y Yellow K k Black W w White or RGB value and 24 grey levels if using ANSI 256 color terminal : (255,255,255) : 24bit decimal RGB colors #000000 .. #FFFFFF : 24bit hex RGB colors #000 .. #FFF : 12bit hex RGB 4096 colors 000 .. 555 : 6x6x6 RGB 216 colors L00 .. L25 : Black (L00), 24 grey levels, White (L25) > Begining # can be omitted in 24bit RGB notation. > > When values are all same in 24bit or 12bit RGB, it is converted to 24 > grey level, otherwise 6x6x6 216 color. or color names enclosed by angle bracket : <red> <blue> <green> <cyan> <magenta> <yellow> <aliceblue> <honeydue> <hotpink> <mooccasin> <medium_aqua_marine> with other special effects : Z 0 Zero (reset) D 1 Double-struck (boldface) P 2 Pale (dark) I 3 Italic U 4 Underline F 5 Flash (blink: slow) Q 6 Quick (blink: rapid) S 7 Stand-out (reverse video) V 8 Vanish (concealed) J 9 Junk (crossed out) E Erase Line ; No effect X No effect If the spec includes `/`, left side is considered to be as foreground color and right side as background. If multiple colors are given in same spec, all indicators are produced in the order of their presence. As a result, the last one takes effect. Effect characters are case insensitive, and can be found anywhere and in any order in color spec string. Because `X` and `;` takes no effect, you can use them to improve readability, like `SxD;K/544`. Example: RGB 6x6x6 12bit 24bit color name === ======= ========= ============= ================== B 005 #00F (0,0,255) <blue> /M /505 /#F0F /(255,0,255) /<magenta> K/W 000/555 #000/#FFF 000000/FFFFFF <black>/<white> R/G 500/050 #F00/#0F0 FF0000/00FF00 <red>/<green> W/w L03/L20 #333/#ccc 303030/c6c6c6 <dimgrey>/<lightgrey> Multiple colors can be specified separating by white space or comma, or by repeating options. Those colors will be applied for each pattern keywords. Next command will show word \`foo' in red, \`bar' in green and \`baz' in blue. greple --colormap='R G B' 'foo bar baz' greple --cm R -e foo --cm G -e bar --cm B -e baz Coloring capability is implemented in [Getopt::EX::Colormap](https://metacpan.org/pod/Getopt::EX::Colormap) module. - **--colormap**=_field_=_spec_,... Another form of colormap option to specify the color for fields: FILE File name LINE Line number TEXT Unmatched normal text BLOCKEND Block end mark In current release, `BLOCKEND` mark is colored with `E` effect recently implemented in [Getopt::EX](https://metacpan.org/pod/Getopt::EX) module, which allows to fill up the line with background color. This effect uses irregular escape sequence, and you may need to define `LESSANSIENDCHARS` environment as "mK" to see the result with [less](https://metacpan.org/pod/less) command. - **--colormap**=_&func_ - **--colormap**=_sub{...}_ You can also set the name of perl subroutine name or definition to be called handling matched words. Target word is passed as variable `$_`, and the return value of the subroutine will be displayed. Next command convert all words in C comment to upper case. greple --all '/\*(?s:.*?)\*/' --cm 'sub{uc}' You can quote matched string instead of coloring (this emulates deprecated option **--quote**): greple --cm 'sub{"<".$_.">"}' ... It is possible to use this definition with field names. Next example print line numbers in seven digits. greple -n --cm 'LINE=sub{s/(\d+)/sprintf("%07d",$1)/e;$_}' Experimentally, function can be combined with other normal color specifications. Also the form _&func;_ can be repeated. greple --cm 'BF/544;sub{uc}' greple --cm 'R;&func1;&func2;&func3' When color for 'TEXT' field is specified, whole text including matched part is passed to the function, exceptionally. It is not recommended to use user defined function for 'TEXT' field. - **--\[no\]colorful** Shortcut for **--colormap**='_RD GD BD CD MD YD_' in ANSI 16 colors mode, and **--colormap**='_D/544 D/454 D/445 D/455 D/454 D/554_' and other combination of 3, 4, 5 for 256 colors mode. Enabled by default. When single pattern is specified, first color in colormap is used for the pattern. If multiple patterns and multiple colors are specified, each patterns are colored with corresponding colors cyclically. Option **--regioncolor**, **--uniqcolor** and **--colorindex** change this behavior. - **--colorindex**=_spec_, **--ci**=_spec_ Specify color index method by combination of spec characters. Meaningful combinations are **A**, **D**, **AB**, **DB** and **R**. - A (Ascending) Apply different color sequentially according to the order of appearance. - D (Descending) Apply different color sequentially according to the reversed order of appearance. - B (Block) Reset sequential index on every block. - R (Random) Apply random color. - **--random** Shortcut for **--colorindex=R**. - **--ansicolor**=_16_|_256_|_24bit_ If set as _16_, use ANSI 16 colors as a default color set, otherwise ANSI 256 colors. When set as _24bit_, 6 hex digits notation produces 24bit color sequence. Default is _256_. - **--\[no\]256** Shortcut for **--ansicolor**=_256_ or _16_. - **--\[no\]regioncolor**, **--\[no\]rc** Use different colors for each **--inside**/**outside** regions. Disabled by default, but automatically enabled when only single search pattern is specified. Because there is no way to explicitly disable this action, use **--nocolorful** option to use single color. - **--\[no\]uniqcolor**, **--\[no\]uc** Use different colors for different string matched. Disabled by default. Next example prints all words start by \`color' and display them all in different colors. greple --uniqcolor 'colou?r\w*' When used with option **-i**, color is selected in case-insensitive fashion. If you want case-insensitive match and case-sensitive color selection, indicate insensitiveness in the pattern rather than command option (e.g. '_(?i)pattern_'). - **--face**=\[-+\]_effect_ Set or unset specified _effect_ for all color specs. Use \`+' (optional) to set, and \`-' to unset. Effect is a single character expressing: S (Stand-out), U (Underline), D (Double-struck), F (Flash) or E (Erase Line). Next example remove D (double-struck) effect. greple --face -D Multiple effects can be set/unset at once. greple --face SF-D Use \`/' to set effect to background. Only \`E' makes sense to use in background, though. greple --face /E ## BLOCKS - **-p**, **--paragraph** Print the paragraph which contains the pattern. Each paragraph is delimited by two or more successive newline characters by default. Be aware that an empty line is not a paragraph delimiter if which contains space characters. Example: greple -np 'setuid script' /usr/man/catl/perl.l greple -pe '^struct sockaddr' /usr/include/sys/socket.h It changes the unit of context specified by **-A**, **-B**, **-C** options. Space grap between paragraphs are also treated as block unit. Thus, option **-pC2** will print with previous and after paragraph, and **-pC1** will print with just sorrounding spaces. - **--all** Treat entire file contents as a single block. This is almost identical to following command. greple --block='(?s).*' - **--border**=_pattern_ Specify record block border pattern. Default block is a single line and use `(?m)^` as a pattern. Paragraph mode uses `(?:\A|\n)\K\n+`, which means continuous newlines at the beginning of text or following another newline. Next command treat the data as a series of 10-line unit. greple -n --border='(.*\n){1,10}' Contrary to the next **--block** option, **--border** never produce disjoint records. - **--block**=_pattern_ - **--block**=_&sub_ Specify the record block to display. Default block is a single line. When blocks are not continuous and there are gaps between them, the match occurred outside blocks are ignored. If multiple block options are supplied, overlapping blocks are merged into single block. Please be aware that this option is sometimes quite time consuming, because it finds all blocks before processing. - **--blockend**=_string_ Change the end mark displayed after **-pABC** or **--block** options. Default value is "--\\n". ## REGIONS - **--inside**=_pattern_ - **--outside**=_pattern_ Option **--inside** and **--outside** limit the text area to be matched. For simple example, if you want to find string \`and' not in the word \`command', it can be done like this. greple --outside=command and The block can be larger and expand to multiple lines. Next command searches from C source, excluding comment part. greple --outside '(?s)/\*.*?\*/' Next command searches only from POD part of the perl script. greple --inside='(?s)^=.*?(^=cut|\Z)' When multiple **inside** and **outside** regions are specified, those regions are mixed up in union way. In multiple color environment, and if single keyword is specified, matches in each **--inside**/**outside** regions are printed in different colors. Forcing this operation with multiple keywords, use **--regioncolor** option. - **--inside**=_&function_ - **--outside**=_&function_ If the pattern name begins by ampersand (&) character, it is treated as a name of subroutine which returns a list of blocks. Using this option, user can use arbitrary function to determine from what part of the text they want to search. User defined function can be defined in `.greplerc` file or by module option. - **--include**=_pattern_ - **--exclude**=_pattern_ - **--include**=_&function_ - **--exclude**=_&function_ **--include**/**exclude** option behave exactly same as **--inside**/**outside** when used alone. When used in combination, **--include**/**exclude** are mixed in AND manner, while **--inside**/**outside** are in OR. Thus, in the next example, first line prints all matches, and second does none. greple --inside PATTERN --outside PATTERN greple --include PATTERN --exclude PATTERN You can make up desired matches using **--inside**/**outside** option, then remove unnecessary part by **--include**/**exclude** - **--strict** Limit the match area strictly. By default, **--block**, **--inside**/**outside**, **--include**/**exclude** option allows partial match within the specified area. For instance, greple --inside and command matches pattern `command` because the part of matched string is included in specified inside-area. Partial match fails when option **--strict** provided, and longer string never matches within shorter area. Interestingly enough, above example greple --include PATTERN --exclude PATTERN produces output, as a matter of fact. Think of the situation searching, say, `' PATTERN '` with this condition. Matched area includes surrounding spaces, and satisfies both conditions partially. This match does not occur when option **--strict** is given, either. ## CHARACTER CODE - **--icode**=_code_ Target file is assumed to be encoded in utf8 by default. Use this option to set specific encoding. When handling Japanese text, you may choose from 7bit-jis (jis), euc-jp or shiftjis (sjis). Multiple code can be supplied using multiple option or combined code names with space or comma, then file encoding is guessed from those code sets. Use encoding name \`guess' for automatic recognition from default code list which is euc-jp and 7bit-jis. Following commands are all equivalent. greple --icode=guess ... greple --icode=euc-jp,7bit-jis ... greple --icode=euc-jp --icode=7bit-jis ... Default code set are always included suspect code list. If you have just one code adding to suspect list, put + mark before the code name. Next example does automatic code detection from euc-kr, ascii, utf8 and UTF-16/32. greple --icode=+euc-kr ... If the string "**binary**" is given as encoding name, no character encoding is expected and all files are processed as binary data. - **--ocode**=_code_ Specify output code. Default is utf8. ## FILTER - **--if**=_filter_, **--if**=_EXP_:_filter_ You can specify filter command which is applied to each files before search. If only one filter command is specified, it is applied to all files. If filter information include colon, first field will be perl expression to check the filename saved in variable $\_. If it successes, next filter command is pushed. greple --if=rev perg greple --if='/\.tar$/:tar tvf -' If the command doesn't accept standard input as processing data, you may be able to use special device: greple --if='nm /dev/stdin' crypt /usr/lib/lib* Filters for compressed and gzipped file is set by default unless **--noif** option is given. Default action is like this: greple --if='s/\.Z$//:zcat' --if='s/\.g?z$//:gunzip -c' File with _.gpg_ suffix is filtered by **gpg** command. In that case, pass-phrase is asked for each file. If you want to input pass-phrase only once to find from multiple files, use **-Mpgp** module. If the filter start with `&`, perl subroutine is called instead of external command. You can define the subroutine in `.greplerc` or modules. **Greple** simply call the subroutine, so it should be responsible for process control. - **--noif** Disable default input filter. Which means compressed files will not be decompressed automatically. - **--of**=_filter_ - **--of**=_&func_ Specify output filter which process the output of **greple** command. Filter command can be specified in multiple times, and they are invoked for each file to be processed. So next command reset the line number for each files. greple --of 'cat -n' string file1 file2 ... If the filter start with `&`, perl subroutine is called instead of external command. You can define the subroutine in `.greplerc` or modules. Output filter command is executed only when matched string exists to avoid invoking many unnecessary processes. No effect for option **-l** and **-c**. - **--pf**=_filter_ - **--pf**=_&func_ Similar to **--of** filter but invoked just once and takes care of entire output from **greple** command. ## RUNTIME FUNCTIONS - **--print**=_function_ - **--print**=_sub{...}_ Specify user defined function executed before data print. Text to be printed is replaced by the result of the function. Arbitrary function can be defined in `.greplerc` file. Matched data is placed in variable `$_`. Other information is passed by key-value pair in the arguments. Filename is passed by `&FILELABEL` key, as described later. Matched information is passed by `matched` key, in the form of perl array reference: `[[start,end],[start,end]...]`. Simplest function is **--print**='_sub{$\_}_'. Coloring capability can be used like this: # ~/.greplerc __PERL__ sub print_simple { my %attr = @_; for my $r (reverse @{$attr{matched}}) { my($s, $e) = @$r; substr($_, $s, $e - $s, main::color('B', substr($_, $s, $e - $s))); } $_; } Then, you can use this function in the command line. greple --print=print_simple ... It is possible to use multiple **--print** options. In that case, second function will get the result of the first function. The command will print the final result of the last function. - **--continue** When **--print** option is given, **greple** will immediately print the result returned from print function and finish the cycle. Option **--continue** forces to continue normal printing process after print function called. So please be sure that all data being consistent. - **--begin**=_function_(_..._) - **--begin**=_function_=_..._ Option **--begin** specify the function executed at the beginning of each file processing. This _function_ have to be called from **main** package. So if you define the function in the module package, use the full package name or export properly. - **--end**=_function_(_..._) - **--end**=_function_=_..._ Option **--end** is almost same as **--begin**, except that the function is called after the file processing. - **--prologue**=_function_(_..._) - **--prologue**=_function_=_..._ - **--epilogue**=_function_(_..._) - **--epilogue**=_function_=_..._ Option **--prologue** and **--epilogue** specify functions called before and after processing. During the execution, file is not opened and therefore, file name is not given to those functions. - **-M**_module_::_function(...)_ - **-M**_module_::_function=..._ Function can be given with module option, following module name. In this form, the function will be called with module package name. So you don't have to export it. Because it is called only once at the beginning of command execution, before starting file processing, `FILELABEL` parameter is not given exceptionally. For these run-time functions, optional argument list can be set in the form of `key` or `key=value`, connected by comma. These arguments will be passed to the function in key => value list. Sole key will have the value one. Also processing file name is passed with the key of `FILELABEL` constant. As a result, the option in the next form: --begin function(key1,key2=val2) --begin function=key1,key2=val2 will be transformed into following function call: function(&FILELABEL => "filename", key1 => 1, key2 => "val2") As described earlier, `FILELABEL` parameter is not given to the function specified with module option. So -Mmodule::function(key1,key2=val2) -Mmodule::function=key1,key2=val2 simply becomes: function(key1 => 1, key2 => "val2") The function can be defined in `.greplerc` or modules. Assign the arguments into hash, then you can access argument list as member of the hash. It's safe to delete FILELABEL key if you expect random parameter is given. Content of the target file can be accessed by `$_`. Ampersand (`&`) is required to avoid the hash key is interpreted as a bare word. sub function { my %arg = @_; my $filename = delete $arg{&FILELABEL}; $arg{key1}; # 1 $arg{key2}; # "val2" $_; # contents } ## OTHERS - **--usage**\[=_expand_\] **Greple** print usage and exit with option **--usage**, or no valid parameter is not specified. In this case, module option is displayed with help information if available. If you want to see how they are expanded, supply something not empty to **--usage** option, like: greple -Mmodule --usage=expand - **--man** Show manual page. Display module's manual page when used with **-M** option. - **--show** Show module file contents. Use with **-M** option. - **--path** Show module file path. Use with **-M** option. - **--norc** Do not read startup file: `~/.greplerc`. - **--require**=_filename_ Include arbitrary perl program. - **--conceal** _type_=_val_ Conceal runtime errors. Repeatable. Types are: - **read** (Default 1) Errors occurred during file read. Mainly unicode related errors when reading binary or ambiguous text file. - **skip** (Default 0) File skip warnings produced when fatal error was occurred during file read. Occurs when reading binary files with automatic character code recognition. - **all** Set same value for all types. - **--persist** As **greple** tries to read data as a character string, sometimes fails to convert them into internal representation, and the file is skipped without processing. When option **--persist** is specified, command does not give up the file, and tries to read as binary data. Next command will show strings in binary file. greple -o --re '(?a)\w{4,}' --persist --uc /bin/* When processing all files as binary data, use **--icode=binary** instead. # ENVIRONMENT and STARTUP FILE Environment variable GREPLEOPTS is used as a default options. They are inserted before command line options. Before starting execution, _greple_ reads the file named `.greplerc` on user's home directory. Following directives can be used. - **option** _name_ string Argument _name_ of \`option' directive is user defined option name. The rest are processed by _shellwords_ routine defined in Text::ParseWords module. Be sure that this module sometimes requires escape backslashes. Any kind of string can be used for option name but it is not combined with other options. option --fromcode --outside='(?s)\/\*.*?\*\/' option --fromcomment --inside='(?s)\/\*.*?\*\/' If the option named **default** is defined, it will be used as a default option. For the purpose to include following arguments within replaced strings, two special notations can be used in option definition. String `$<n>` is replaced by the _n_th argument after the substituted option, where _n_ is number start from one. String `$<shift>` is replaced by following command line argument and the argument is removed from option list. For example, when option --line --le &line=$<shift> is defined, command greple --line 10,20-30,40 will be evaluated as this: greple --le &line=10,20-30,40 - **expand** _name_ _string_ Define local option _name_. Command **expand** is almost same as command **option** in terms of its function. However, option defined by this command is expanded in, and only in, the process of definition, while option definition is expanded when command arguments are processed. This is similar to string macro defined by following **define** command. But macro expansion is done by simple string replacement, so you have to use **expand** to define option composed by multiple arguments. - **define** _name_ string Define macro. This is similar to **option**, but argument is not processed by _shellwords_ and treated just a simple text, so meta-characters can be included without escape. Macro expansion is done for option definition and other macro definition. Macro is not evaluated in command line option. Use option directive if you want to use in command line, define (#kana) \p{InKatakana} option --kanalist --nocolor -o --join --re '(#kana)+(\n(#kana)+)*' help --kanalist List up Katakana string - **help** _name_ If \`help' directive is used for same option name, it will be printed in usage message. If the help message is \`ignore', corresponding line won't show up in the usage. - **builtin** _spec_ _variable_ Define built-in option which should be processed by option parser. Arguments are assumed to be [Getopt::Long](https://metacpan.org/pod/Getopt::Long) style spec, and _variable_ is string start with `$`, `@` or `%`. They will be replaced by a reference to the object which the string represent. See **pgp** module for example. - **autoload** _module_ _options_ ... Define module which should be loaded automatically when specified option is found in the command arguments. For example, autoload -Mdig --dig replaces option "_--dig_" to "_-Mdig --dig_", and _dig_ module is loaded before processing _--dig_ option. Environment variable substitution is done for string specified by \`option' and \`define' directives. Use Perl syntax **$ENV{NAME}** for this purpose. You can use this to make a portable module. When _greple_ found `__PERL__` line in `.greplerc` file, the rest of the file is evaluated as a Perl program. You can define your own subroutines which can be used by **--inside**/**outside**, **--include**/**exclude**, **--block** options. For those subroutines, file content will be provided by global variable `$_`. Expected response from the subroutine is the list of array references, which is made up by start and end offset pairs. For example, suppose that the following function is defined in your `.greplerc` file. Start and end offset for each pattern match can be taken as array element `$-[0]` and `$+[0]`. __PERL__ sub odd_line { my @list; my $i; while (/.*\n/g) { push(@list, [ $-[0], $+[0] ]) if ++$i % 2; } @list; } You can use next command to search pattern included in odd number lines. % greple --inside '&odd_line' pattern files... # MODULE You can expand the **greple** command using module. Module files are placed at `App/Greple/` directory in Perl library, and therefor has **App::Greple::module** package name. In the command line, module have to be specified preceding any other options in the form of **-M**_module_. However, it also can be specified at the beginning of option expansion. If the package name is declared properly, `__DATA__` section in the module file will be interpreted same as `.greplerc` file content. So you can declare the module specific options there. Functions declared in the module can be used from those options, it makes highly expandable option/programming interaction possible. Using **-M** without module argument will print available module list. Option **--man** will display module document when used with **-M** option. Use **--show** option to see the module itself. Option **--path** will print the path of module file. See this sample module code. This sample defines options to search from pod, comment and other segment in Perl script. Those capability can be implemented both in function and macro. package App::Greple::perl; use Exporter 'import'; our @EXPORT = qw(pod comment podcomment); our %EXPORT_TAGS = ( ); our @EXPORT_OK = qw(); use App::Greple::Common; use App::Greple::Regions; my $pod_re = qr{^=\w+(?s:.*?)(?:\Z|^=cut\s*\n)}m; my $comment_re = qr{^(?:[ \t]*#.*\n)+}m; sub pod { match_regions(pattern => $pod_re); } sub comment { match_regions(pattern => $comment_re); } sub podcomment { match_regions(pattern => qr/$pod_re|$comment_re/); } 1; __DATA__ define :comment: ^(\s*#.*\n)+ define :pod: ^=(?s:.*?)(?:\Z|^=cut\s*\n) #option --pod --inside :pod: #option --comment --inside :comment: #option --code --outside :pod:|:comment: option --pod --inside '&pod' option --comment --inside '&comment' option --code --outside '&podcomment' You can use the module like this: greple -Mperl --pod default greple greple -Mperl --colorful --code --comment --pod default greple If special subroutine **initialize()** is defined in the module, it is called at the beginning with `Getopt::EX::Module` object as a first argument. Second argument is the reference to `@ARGV`, and you can modify actual `@ARGV` using it. See **find** module as a sample. # HISTORY Most capability of **greple** is derived from **mg** command, which has been developing from early 1990's by the same author. Because modern standard **grep** family command becomes to have similar capabilities, it is a time to clean up entire functionalities, totally remodel the option interfaces, and change the command name. (2013.11) # SEE ALSO [grep(1)](http://man.he.net/man1/grep), [perl(1)](http://man.he.net/man1/perl) [github](http://kaz-utashiro.github.io/greple/) [Getopt::EX](https://metacpan.org/pod/Getopt::EX) # AUTHOR Kazumasa Utashiro # LICENSE Copyright 1991-2019 Kazumasa Utashiro This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.